KLOW Component Research: Full Reference List

TB-500 / Thymosin beta-4 channel

Citations for the TB-500 and native thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta4) research arm. The critical distinction: most foundational efficacy data are for full-length native Tbeta4, not the short TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ) fragment.

^[1] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x. PMID: 10469335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/

^[7] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/

BPC-157 channel

^[2] Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00110-4. PMID: 14554208. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/

^[6] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. PMID: 40131143. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/

^[8] Sikiric P, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(7):1032-1037. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i7.1032. PMID: 15052688. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15052688/

^[14] (Author group). Duodenocolic fistula healing by pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in rats. A cytoprotection viewpoint. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2024. DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2024.1.09. PMID: 38583442. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38583442/

^[15] Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. PMID: 39325560. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39325560/

KPV channel

^[3] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026. PMID: 18061177. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/

^[9] Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20334. PMID: 18092346. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18092346/

^[10] Bettenworth D, Buyse M, Bohm M, et al. The tripeptide KdPT protects from intestinal inflammation and maintains intestinal barrier function. Am J Pathol. 2011;179(3):1230-1242. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.013. PMID: 21741932. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21741932/

^[11] Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, et al. Critical Role of PepT1 in Promoting Colitis-Associated Cancer and Therapeutic Benefits of the Anti-inflammatory PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV in a Murine Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(3):340-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006. PMID: 27458604. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27458604/

GHK-Cu channel

^[4] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108. PMID: 26236730. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/

^[5] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987. PMID: 29986520. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/

^[12] Sever'yanova LA, Dolgintsev ME. Effects of Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys in Pain-Induced Aggressive-Defensive Behavior in Rats. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2017;164(2):140-143. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3943-3. PMID: 29181666. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29181666/

^[13] Bobyntsev II, Chernysheva OI, Dolgintsev ME, Smakhtin MY, Belykh AE. Anxiolytic effects of Gly-His-Lys peptide and its analogs. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2015;158(6):726-728. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2847-3. PMID: 25900608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25900608/